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高通胀席卷环球金融市场,投资者需要如何调整资产配置?

从疫情时期的量化宽松到各国央行转鹰纷纷采取紧缩的货币政策,再到俄乌战争对各国物价的新一轮冲击,各国的通胀问题都出现了一些新的变化。如果通胀问题难解,对于未来的环球金融市场会造成哪些隐患?

投资者在近期的资产配置选择上需要作出什么调整?今天我们就来谈谈让各国央行高层棘手的通胀。

美国

首先来看美国,美国4月通胀率为8.3%,较3月回落0.2个百分点,是自去年8月以来首次放缓,但是这个数值仍处于高位并超出了此前市场所预期的8.10%,这也让投资者担忧通胀没有真正见顶回落。

从分部数据看,消费者支出方向正在转向,食品价格和服务业涨幅加快,食品同比上涨9.4%,环比上涨0.9%。不计能源服务的服务业价格同比上涨4.9%,环比上涨0.7%,其中交通运输价格同比上涨8.5%,环比上涨3.1%。

正如我们此前预计,国际油价会在今年较长时间处于高位震荡。能源分部之所以小幅回落主要由于汽油价格小幅回落,由于炼油成本激增,这也支撑了随后汽油价格便重返高位。由此可见,能源分部也没有真正出现价格回落的趋势,相反还会有上涨的动力。

美国当前难以抑制的通胀走势也增加了市场对美联储接下来的紧缩政策会更加鹰派的猜想,分部数据所反映的现实是美国通胀还没有被彻底控制的迹象。未来美联储若更加激进的加息一方面会增加市场对于经济衰退的忧虑,加剧股市的低迷,另一方面会刺激美元持续上涨,或会令金价持续承压。

英国

英国可以说在通胀问题上和美国是难兄难弟,英国的情况比美国似乎更加糟糕,俄乌战争持续推高大宗商品价格,带动能源、食品、原材料、运输价格一路飙升。英国3月的通胀率攀升至7.0%,环比上涨0.8%,市场普遍认为这一数字还会继续上升。

英国央行行长安德鲁•贝利本周对媒体表示他无法阻止英国今年通胀率升至10%,承认在食品价格上涨问题上发出了“预示大灾变的声音”,暗示英国经济有出现衰退的风险。几乎令市场没有悬念的是英国央行在本月连续加息4次,将基准利率上调25个基点至1%。

由于英国通胀的走势仍不乐观,继续加息的步伐在短时间可能无法停止,有市场人士预计在 2022 年底英国利率或将上调至 2%-2.25%,处于经济衰退的考虑许多经济学家预计利率不会那么激进。受经济前景忧虑,英镑在近期出现暴跌,加上对俄罗斯的进一步经济制裁加剧市场的避险情绪,继续推升美元上涨,令英镑进入下行趋势。

日本

就连一直以来保持低迷通胀水平的日本通胀水平也直线飙升,3月份东京消费者价格指数CPI同比上涨0.8%。本周日本将公布4月CPI数据,市场预期为上涨2%,或将罕见地触及到日本央行的目标水平。

日本通胀飙升主要受到了能源和原材料价格上升的影响,其中石油和煤炭价格是主要推动因素,较去年同期上涨31%;木材和木制品价格也飙升了56%左右。与此同时,日本4月生产者价格指数(PPI)同比上涨10%,超过预期的9.4%,为1980年12月以来的最大涨幅。

随着通胀飙升,近期日元开启了贬值潮,变相推高了企业的进口成本,从而转嫁消费者。市场预计日本今年的通胀水平会维持在2%的水平,高通胀或令企业进一步提升商品价格,对日本经济复苏造成拖累。日本市场人士也开始重新审视日本央行多年来一直贯彻超宽松货币政策,但是正是因为这样的政策已经持续多年,令日本央行对于通胀的政策应对可能会相较英美等国家更加迟缓。

面对今年以来席卷全球市场的”高通胀“问题,投资者也需要及时作出部署。在高通胀的环境中可以考虑选择一些抗通胀的资产避险,包括资源、能源、银行、房地产信托基金等类型的公司都是较为理想的投资标的,不过鉴于美元持续上升,近期对黄金的投资需要更加审慎,同时也要格外留意各国央行为应对通胀采取的政策对该国货币汇率带来的波动。

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