英镑兑美元汇率受困于1.33下方,因油价冲击加剧英国央行利率困境

周五伦敦早盘,英镑兑美元汇率(GBPUSD)徘徊在1.3205附近,受阻于1.33关口下方。英国央行正面临日益严峻的政策困境:一方面是持续高企的通胀,另一方面是中东石油危机带来的增长风险。英镑已较1月份接近1.3870的高点下跌超过650个基点。

GBPUSD 1 Day Chart

英镑兑美元日线图

市场概览

截至伦敦时间上午10:00,英镑兑美元汇率(GBPUSD)报1.3205,当日下跌0.12%,此前该汇率在隔夜测试了1.3180的支撑位。英镑兑美元汇率在1.3380-1.3399区间面临直接阻力,若要突破该区间,则有望阻止其下探至1.3000的势头,欧元兑英镑下跌0.40%至0.8559(EUR/GBP 0.8559),英镑兑日元下跌0.31%至209.98,避险情绪推动日元走强。

英国国债收益率从近期高位回落,但仍录得一年多以来的最大单月涨幅,其中10年期国债收益率(GB10YT=RR)当日上涨6个基点至4.87%,投资者已将政策不确定性持续计入价格。

政策难题

英国央行3月19日决定维持利率在3.75%不变,这一决定令市场对下一步政策走向产生分歧。货币市场目前预期,英国央行在4月30日之前加息的可能性为50%,而非此前预期的降息。 2月份通胀率同比维持在3.0%,是英国央行2%目标的两倍,而服务业通胀率仍高企,达到5.2%。

“市场已经完全从预期2026年两次降息转向两次加息,但英国央行为加息设定了非常高的门槛,”一位驻伦敦大型银行的外汇策略师匿名表示。“在我们看到石油价格上涨推动工资增长的明确证据之前,委员会可能会暂停加息。”

英国央行政策制定者艾伦·泰勒上周语气谨慎,强调在伊朗冲突的经济影响更加明朗之前,借贷成本应保持稳定。英国央行面临滞胀陷阱:布伦特原油价格(LCOc1)周五飙升至每桶107美元以上,当日上涨1.5%,这有可能在未来几个月将英国通胀率推高至4%,同时抑制经济增长。

宏观影响

油价冲击迫使英国央行政策预期发生显著逆转。就在3月初,交易员们还预计英国央行将在2026年降息两次,每次25个基点。而现在,市场预期至少会加息两次,如果布伦特原油价格维持在105美元以上,则可能加息第三次。英国央行与美联储的政策分歧——美联储3月份维持利率在3.75%不变,但同时暗示通缩速度放缓——扩大了支撑美元的政策缺口。

“滞胀局面对英镑来说是致命的,”一家欧洲银行的利率交易员表示,“在通胀率高达3%、油价为107美元的情况下,英国央行无法降息,但在经济增长放缓的情况下加息则可能导致经济进一步下滑。”

关于作者

 

Martin Lam 是 ATFX 亚太区首席分析师,在全球外汇及投资市场拥有逾 20 年的经验。他毕业于迪肯大学(Deakin University),主修金融与经济学,并曾在多家领先的外汇经纪公司担任高级管理职位。

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