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美國GDP與PCE聯袂登場,升息預期面臨考驗還是助攻?

美國GDP與PCE聯袂登場,升息預期面臨考驗還是助攻?
作為本週數據面最重磅的一天,今日美國將公佈一季度GDP修正值及4月核心修正指數。這兩項數據被視為聯準會6月利率政策會議前最關鍵的政策參考,也將直接決定美元、美股與黃金的短期方向。

GDP:下調風險有限

回顧4月30日公佈的初步數據,美國第一季GDP年化季率為2.0%,較去年第四季的0.5%明顯回暖,但略低於市場預期的2.1%至2.3%區間。從分項資料來看,企業投資是本次GDP的主要亮點。非住宅固定資產投資成長率從前季的2.4%大幅躍升至10.4%,顯示AI相關資本開支熱情高漲。同時,政府支出由負轉正,實現了4.4%的成長。相較之下,消費成長放緩至1.6%,而淨出口仍拖累GDP達1.3個百分點。

展望即將公佈的修正值,市場普遍預期本次數據仍將維持在2.0%附近。消費數據若略有下調,可能導致GDP小幅下修至1.8%左右,但大幅下修的可能性較低。投資人聚焦數據是否印證「經濟放緩疊加通膨高企」的滯脹格局。若GDP出現下修,經濟放緩擔憂將有所升溫,市場可能重新評估聯準會的升息空間。

核心PCE物價:通膨反彈壓力不減

核心PCE物價指數是本周全球市場最關注的數據,也是聯準會最青睞的通膨指標。市場普遍預期,4月核心PCE年增率將從3.2%升至3.3%,這將連續第三個月上行,創下2023年11月以來的新高。環比增速預計維持在0.25%至0.3%之間。

從上行風險來看,4月CPI數據顯示能源價格飆漲已向核心類別傳導,機票價格上漲2.8%,服務類價格持續走高。更值得關注的是,4月PPI年比大幅躍升至6.0%,核心PPI年比也升至5.2%,這預示上游成本壓力正向下游傳導。市場已連續第三次上調全年通膨預期。不過,也存在一些緩和訊號。紐約聯邦儲備銀行4月調查顯示,民眾對未來三年通膨預期的穩定在3.1%,並未出現「脫錨」跡象。此外,部分機構認為勞動市場可能面臨壓力,這在一定程度上支持聯準會暫緩行動。

美國經濟與通膨現況

從經濟面來看,美國目前呈現明顯的結構性分化特徵。第一季GDP回升至2.0%,雖然低於預期,但並非全面走弱。非住宅投資成長高達10.4%,AI相關投資熱情高漲,政府支出也實現了4.4%的成長,這兩大因素為經濟提供了重要支撐。

但隱憂同樣存在,消費增速放緩至1.6%,高油價正在擠壓普通家庭的可支配收入,消費信心受到抑制。整體來看,美國經濟呈現「K型復甦」的特徵──AI投資與政府支出托底經濟,但一般家庭正承受高油價與通膨反彈的壓力。最新數據顯示,美國消費者信心5月回落,因伊朗戰爭引發的通膨擔憂加劇,且家庭對勞動市場的看法普遍偏向悲觀,不過預計今年底前情況將有所改善。

從通膨面來看,反彈已經成為既定事實。 4月CPI年增至3.8%,創下2023年以來新高。 PPI年增率更是飆升至6.0%,為2022年以來最快增速。不過,聯準會最關注的訊號是民眾中長期通膨預期是否“脫錨”,目前三年期預期穩定在3.1%,還沒有觸發極端警戒,這也是支持聯準會「按兵不動」而非立即升息的關鍵理由之一。

對聯準會升息預期的影響

值得注意的是,本次PCE數據將是新聯儲主席沃什上任後迎來的首份關鍵通膨報告,其讀數將極大影響6月聯準會會議的政策措辭基調。

從市場定價來看,截至5月22日,期貨市場幾乎已完全計入2026年升息一次的預期。具體來看,9月會議升息機率接近50%,10月會議約55%,12月會議已完全定價一次升息。

如果GDP維持2.0%附近,核心PCE年比升至3.3%、季增0.25%左右。在此情況下,9月升息機率將維持在50%至60%之間,12月完全定價一次升息。

若滯脹加劇情景,即GDP下修至1.8%以下,同時核心PCE超預期升至3.4%以上,將導致升息預期降溫。

如果通膨緩和情景,即GDP符合預期,但核心PCE季減低於0.2%。這將導致升息預期降溫,甚至可能重啟降息討論。

對市場的影響路徑

美元方面,短期走勢將直接取決於PCE資料。若PCE符合或超預期,美元短線將走高,向99上方試探;若PCE低於預期,美元則可能回落至98附近。中期來看,若聯準會升息預期增強,美元將獲得持續支撐。

美股方面,週三的三大指數集體創出新高,今晚的數據將是決定新高動能是否延續的關鍵。若出現PCE溫和的組合,美股將迎來反彈,科技股可能再度領漲。若GDP強勁但PCE高企,美股將承壓,週期股相對抗跌。不過,AI仍是美股的重要支撐邏輯,只要這邏輯不被資料破壞,美股回檔空間可能相對有限。

黃金方面,黃金是對PCE資料最敏感的資產,其核心矛盾始終是升息預期與避險需求之間的拉鋸。若PCE物價指數低於預期,金價可望反彈向4,500美元反彈。若PCE符合預期,金價將持續維持近兩個月低位承壓。若PCE超預期,金價可能下探3月低點範圍,因升息預期強化推高了持有黃金的機會成本。

免責聲明:本文所呈現觀點,情境推演及市場研判,僅供讀者參考與交流之用,不構成任何形式的投資建議、買賣建議或對任何金融產品的推薦。

關於作者

 

Martin Lam 是 ATFX 亞太區首席分析師,在全球外匯及投資市場擁有逾 20 年的經驗。他畢業於迪肯大學(Deakin University),主修金融與經濟學,並曾在多家領先的外匯經紀公司擔任高級管理職位。

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