差價合約是複雜的金融交易產品,可帶來由槓桿作用而導致迅速虧損的高風險。 大部分的零售投資者帳戶在跟交易差價合約時錄得資金虧損。您應當考慮您是否充分明白差價合約如何運作,以及您是否能承受您的資金損失的高風險。

四年最樂觀預期遇上中東戰事,財報季檢驗美股韌性

美股Q1財報季本周正式開啟,以高盛、摩根大通等大型銀行打頭陣。華爾街對本輪財報季的預期處於近四年來的最高水平,但樂觀程度在各大機構之間存在明顯差距。財報季將檢驗企業獲利在全球地緣政治緊張局勢下的韌性,投資人需密切關注戰事及油價對企業營運前景的影響。

市場普遍預期標普500指數成分公司的盈利將實現約12%的同比增長,預計將連續六個季度實現兩位數增長,但這將是自季度2025年。機構共識預期普遍落在13%至16%的區間,德意志銀行預期標普500指數企業獲利將年增19%,創四年新高;然而高盛則預測約16.2%。

當前估值環境對超預期提出了更高要求。標普500指數遠期本益比約20.3倍,高於十年平均數2.8%,CFRA首席投資策略師Sam Stovall指出,即便企業獲利達標,估值偏高的現況也意味著市場對不及預期的容忍度極低。

更有分析師擔憂”極度樂觀的預期反而構成風險”,RBC資本市場最新圖表分析指出,華爾街似乎幾乎忘記了標普500企業當前所處的宏觀背景,這種過度樂觀可能讓投資者面臨一場殘酷的現實校正。此外,花旗美國獲利動能指數已轉為負值,分析師下調獲利預測的數量超過上調數量的幅度創下近一年來之最,進一步提示了預期的脆弱性。

三大宏觀順風支撐獲利成長

宏觀成長加速:德意志銀行經濟學家預期第一季美國GDP年增率為2.9%,處於過去六季2.5%至3%穩健區間的上緣。 ISM製造業指數在連續三年半處於收縮區間後,於第一季重返擴張區間,服務業指數亦升至三年高位,宏觀環境的改善為企業盈利提供了基礎性支撐。

美元貶值紅利:美元第一季年減6.8%,約五年來最大年度跌幅。德意志銀行估算這為標普500 EPS成長率貢獻了約4.1個百分點,能源、材料、大盤成長科技及工業板塊受益最為顯著。

AI景氣週期持續深化:英偉達與美光兩家公司預計合計貢獻標普500第一季整體EPS成長率的超50%,成為本輪獲利季最核心的驅動力。高盛預估,標普500約40%的EPS增量直接來自AI基礎設施的投資拉力。

中東戰事對財報季的影響

地緣政治緊張局勢促使投資者將資金從風險較高的資產轉向被認為能受益於衝突的板塊,如國防和能源。國際油價高企可能影響部分企業的利潤,特別是能源密集型產業,投資人需評估對相關公司績效的影響。機構普遍認為,在當前地緣政治高度不確定的背景下,企業關於未來指引和管理層評論的重要性將超過已報告的業績數據本身。

市場需要驗證兩件事:一是戰爭是否已侵蝕企業獲利,二是管理階層是否維持樂觀口徑。 Alpine Macro首席股票策略師Nick Giorgi指出,截至目前戰爭因素尚未對基本面造成任何負面影響,但一旦出現負面連鎖反應,一切押注都將失效。

板塊間的表現分化

科技板塊是大盤獲利成長的絕對主力,資訊科技板塊獲利預計年增超過46%,達到1,828億美元,佔標普500總獲利的約30%;若將通訊服務(含Google和Meta)納入計算,佔比將升至40%。大盤成長科技板塊EPS成長率預計從上季的27.5%進一步加速至35.7%,剔除英偉達與美光後仍高達22%。

金融板塊獲利預計成長約20%,幾乎翻倍。五大華爾街投行預計第一季整體交易收入達180億美元,年增約14%,或創下歷史新高。強勁的交易業務主要得益於中東局勢動盪引發的全球資本市場波動,以及市場對AI產業變革預期的持續升溫。但需注意,金融股今年以來股價已大幅下跌超15%,出現自2020年以來最糟糕的第一季板塊表現,估值壓制與獲利成長形成鮮明對比。

能源板塊是油價飆升的直接受益者。 Zacks Energy板塊第一季獲利成長預期從年初的-1.9%大幅上修至目前的+7.6%,全年預期從+5.4%躍升至+16.3%。標普500能源指數年初至今上漲約39%,而標普500整體同期下跌約7%。不過,能源板塊在標普500中的市值和獲利權重已較多年前大幅縮小,其整體影響已受限。

航空與旅遊板塊是油價飆漲下受衝擊最直接的產業之一。高油價推高航空燃油成本,航空公司、郵輪業者等耗油量龐大的企業獲利首當其衝。 FactSet調查顯示,分析師預計大多數大型企業會在財報會議中表示中東衝突並未對其業務造成重大影響,但航空和郵輪營運商是明顯例外。必需消費品板塊估價壓力已浮現。 3月CPI年增3.3%,能源價格大幅上漲推高了消費品公司的成本。寶潔(P&G)年初至今僅上漲約2%,大幅落後高露潔等同業。

在中東戰爭背景下,本輪財報季本質上是”高預期”與”高不確定性”之間的賽局。一方面,獲利預期處於近四年來的歷史高位,連續六個季度雙位數成長的記錄有望延續;另一方面,中東局勢高度不確定,油價高企、通膨反彈、消費者信心低迷,都可能成為打破預期的催化劑。財報發佈為市場提供了一個將注意力從地緣政治轉移回基本面的良機,但風險在於──財報並不能真正帶來這種信心。如果華爾街大型銀行、科技巨頭和零售領導者的業績與指引繼續顯示企業利潤並未明顯惡化,市場會將中東衝突更多視為外生噪音;反之,一旦消費放緩或利潤侵蝕的信號浮現,當前這一輪反彈可能失去抓手,而是繼續定位在中東局勢的變化上。

 

關於作者

 

Martin Lam 是 ATFX 亞太區首席分析師,在全球外匯及投資市場擁有逾 20 年的經驗。他畢業於迪肯大學(Deakin University),主修金融與經濟學,並曾在多家領先的外匯經紀公司擔任高級管理職位。

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