差價合約是複雜的金融交易產品,可帶來由槓桿作用而導致迅速虧損的高風險。 大部分的零售投資者帳戶在跟交易差價合約時錄得資金虧損。您應當考慮您是否充分明白差價合約如何運作,以及您是否能承受您的資金損失的高風險。

回顧歷史牛市中的”大回撤”:黃金跌破4000美元後,劇本會重演嗎?

黃金價格經過一輪深度調整後,終究還是在本週跌破了4000美元的心理大關,週三,金價自去年11月以來首次跌破每盎司4000美元大關,白銀價格週三下跌近7%,跌破每盎司60美元,創下去年12月以來的新低。不過,週四在美元和美債殖利率回落下,黃金重新收復4,000美元關口。

過去三年,黃金每年均實現兩位數漲幅,價格翻了一番以上,主要得益於各國央行、基金經理人和散戶投資者的湧入。支撐這一輪牛市的敘事包括「去美元化」趨勢、央行購金熱潮,投資者買入黃金和比特幣等資產,以對沖美元等法定貨幣因財政和貨幣擴張而貶值的風險。然而,這波漲勢在1月下旬戛然而止,此前貴金屬價格曾觸及每盎司近5,600美元的歷史新高。到6月份,金價已較先前高點下跌超過20%,進入技術性熊市。

聯準會利率前景的變化,是本輪金價下跌的核心驅動力。年初市場還在大舉押注聯準會年內降息三次,黃金在寬鬆預期下衝上5,600美元。但美伊戰爭推高能源價格後,通膨壓力驟升,新任聯準會主席沃許在6月會議上的「超預期鷹派」首秀徹底扭轉了市場預期。會議聲明刪除了降息相關措辭,市場對於12月前升息的預期進一步增強,而高利率環境意味著持有無息黃金的機會成本急劇攀升,這是黃金本輪持續調整的最深層原因。

雖然美伊和談正在取得進展、海峽通行恢復預期升溫,一度推動油價大幅回落。油價下跌壓低了通膨預期,本應緩解升息壓力、利好黃金。但實際走勢卻是「油價跌,金價也跌」——核心原因在於,海峽開放預期引發的流動性虹吸效應暫時蓋過了通膨邏輯,資金更傾向於湧入美元資產而非黃金。地緣利好的傳導在當前的宏觀逆風下被大幅削弱。

本週早些時候,全球科技股遭遇拋售,當科技股持倉遭遇虧損,投資人需要籌集現金來滿足追加保證金要求或填補投資組合虧損。此時,黃金雖然被視為避險資產,卻因其高流動性和易於變現的特性,成為最早被出售的資產之一。同時,部分避險資金進入美債和美元,美元指數衝高創13個月新高,美國經濟基本面保持韌性,疊加美聯儲加息預期升溫,美元資產既具備避險屬性又能提供高回報,對黃金形成了「降維打擊」。

從黃金一度跌破4,000美元來看,當前市場悲觀情緒確實佔了上風。資金端,黃金ETF遭遇持續大規模贖回。 數據顯示,第一季曾大幅吸金的國內頭黃金ETF,在第二季以來淨流出規模已超90億元,多款主流產品都面臨資金大幅撤離。 ETF的持續流出表明,機構級配置型投資者正在系統性地降低黃金敞口,而非逢低加倉。

跌破4000美元後,「黃金牛市是否真的終結」成為最受關注的問題。回顧歷史,兩輪大牛市都曾經歷幅度驚人的中途回檔:

1970年代多頭:金價從階段性高點回撤約45%,隨後在1980年創下歷史新高

2008年金融危機期間:黃金一度下跌約30%,之後迅速恢復並於2011年刷新歷史高點

2011年見頂後:金價自1,921美元高峰跌至1,045美元,跌幅達45.58%,至2015年底觸底

 

機構分析指出,前兩輪多頭市場的真正終結,從來不是因為聯準會加了幾次息,而是因為美國經濟「重新站起來」、美元信用重新被市場信任。而目前,美國經濟仍面臨GDP成長下調、核心PCE預期上修至3.6%的「滯脹」陰影,AI敘事尚難從根本上重塑美國經濟的競爭力。

雖然在黃金本輪調整後,部分機構下調了金價預期,但是多數仍認為,回調是階段性修正,中長期來看,全球央行持續購金、去美元化趨勢以及美國財政困境與地緣碎片化都是支撐黃金的重要因素。從歷史經驗看,大幅調整往往是長牛中途的必要喘息。

但短期而言,聯準會政策仍是金價的「遙控」——若升息預期進一步強化,看空壓力可能會推動金價下探至3,900美元,但進一步大幅回落的可能性較低。而反彈方面,如果4000美元迅速收復並持續站穩,市場信心有所升溫可能會帶來金價再次指向4200美元。

免責聲明:本文所呈現觀點,情境推演及市場研判,僅供讀者參考與交流之用,不構成任何形式的投資建議、買賣建議或對任何金融產品的推薦。

關於作者

 

Martin Lam 是 ATFX 亞太區首席分析師,在全球外匯及投資市場擁有逾 20 年的經驗。他畢業於迪肯大學(Deakin University),主修金融與經濟學,並曾在多家領先的外匯經紀公司擔任高級管理職位。

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